As for chat filters, I have a ton filtered out because the character my bard is on is mage exclusive, so I may not be the best to advise you on that. Very seldom do I change filters unless a fight requires me to look for something very specific. I'm sure for a non-mage job the things I have filtered would drive you batty.
I actually have two full pallettes of bard macros which is probably more than I need, as many of them I don't use often, but they are there for speed's sake more than anything (because of instrument swaps). The one I use most often is:
Alt 1:Ballad 2:Ballad II 3:Blade Madrigal 4:Minuet IV 5:Victory March 6:Sheepfoe Mambo 7: Dragonfoe Mambo 8:Horde Lullaby 9:Lullaby 0:Finale
And my Ctrl line is what I use mostly when I'm /whm or for convenient casting when I'm /nin, and I change some of them depending on the need/status effects involved:
Ctrl 1:Ni 2:Ichi 3:Cure III 4:Silena 5:Regen 6

aeonV 7

oisona 8

Either a barspell or a Carol here, usually a barspell) 9:Erase 0:Stoneskin
Then my other set is Ctrl line Etudes (for specific stat increases & RNGs) and Alt 1: Requiem VI 2: Carnage Elegy and then the rest threnodies and a pull macro.
I'm sure there are bards with a lot less, it just depends on preference I guess. I don't like having to frig around manually swapping gear, so even if I hardly use them I like to have them there for when the occasion arises.
What the party needs is really based on the party. Most canon styles parties I bard for want March and Minuet. At the colibri camp where you can't really eat food without having it ganked, I do March and Madrigal. On certain fights you'll need extra evasion, and double mambo. It is really situational. If you're in doubt, go ahead and ask the party what they want/need. You'll get to the point where you just know.
Oooh! And something else I forgot. Yigit Body. If you don't have one for another job and you intend to take bard up, you should get one. No chr+ on it, but the songcasting time is noticably much less. I swap Chr+ Errant in for short cast enfeebs like lullaby and elegy, but I'm wearing yigit body for almost everything otherwise (unless you have the good fortune of having access to sha'ir manteel).